[Chapter 28] 28.5 The LHS
Author: Bryan Costales & Eric Allman
Date: 1999-01-06T19:50:18Z

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| Chapter 28 Rules |

## 28.5 The LHS

The LHS of any rule is compared to the current contents of the workspace to determine whether the two match. Table 28.1 displays a variety of special operators offered by sendmail that make comparisons easier and more versatile.

Table 28.1: LHS Operators
Operator | Description or Use
--- | ---
`$*` | Match zero or more tokens
`$+` | Match one or more tokens
`$-` | Match exactly one token
`$@` | Match exactly zero tokens (V8 only)
`$=` | Match any tokens in a classa
`$~` | Match any single token not in a class

The first three operators in Table 28.1 are wildcard operators, which can be used to match arbitrary sequences of tokens in the workspace. Consider the following rule, which employs the `$-` operator (match any single token):

>     R$-     fred.local

Here, a match is found only if the workspace contains a single token (such as tom). If the workspace contains multiple tokens (such as tom@host), the LHS does not match. A match causes the workspace to be rewritten by the RHS to become `fred.local`. The rewritten workspace is then compared again to the `$-`, but this time there is no match because the workspace contains three tokens (`fred`, a dot (`.`), and `local`). Since there is no match, the current workspace (`fred.local`) is carried down to the next rule (if there is one).

Note that all comparisons of tokens in the LHS to tokens in the workspace are done in a case-insensitive manner. That is, `tom` in the LHS matches `TOM`, `Tom`, and even `ToM` in the workspace.

### 28.5.1 Minimum Matching

When a pattern-matching operator can match multiple tokens (`$+` and `$*`), sendmail performs minimum matching. For example, given a workspace of `xxx.yyy.zzz` and an LHS of

>     $+.$+

the first `$+` matches only a single token (`xxx`), but the second `$+` matches three (`yyy`, a dot, and `zzz`). This is because the first `$+` matches the minimum number of tokens that it can while still allowing the whole LHS to match the workspace. Shortly, when we discuss the RHS, we'll show why this is important.

### 28.5.2 Backup and Retry

Multiple token-matching operators, such as `$*`, always try to match the fewest number of tokens that they can. Such a simple-minded approach could lead to problems in matching (or not matching) classes in the LHS. For example, consider the following five tokens in the workspace:

>     A . B . C

Given the following LHS rule:

>     R$+.$=X$*

Because the `$+` tries to match the minimum number of tokens, it first matches only the `A` in the workspace. The `$=X` then tries to match the `B` to the class `X`. If this match fails, sendmail backs up and tries again.

The third time through, the `$+` matches the `A.B`, and the `$=X` tries to match the `C` in the workspace. If `C` is not in the class `X`, the entire LHS fails.

The ability of the sendmail program to back up and retry LHS matches eliminates much of the ambiguity from rule design. The multitoken matching operators try to match the minimum but match more if necessary for the whole LHS to match.

28.4 The Behavior of a Rule |  | 28.6 The RHS